Construction of phonetic representation of a string of characters

ABSTRACT

Provided are methods, devices, and computer-readable media for accessing a string of characters; parsing the string of characters into string of graphemes; determining one or more phonetic representations for one or more graphemes in the string of graphemes based on a first data structure; determining at least one grapheme representation for one or more of the one or more phonetic representations based on a second data structure; and constructing the phonetic representation of the string of characters based on the grapheme representation that was determined.

FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to the field of domain name suggestion and specifically to the field of suggesting domain names based on a phonetic representation.

BACKGROUND

The Internet enables a user of a client computer system to identify and communicate with millions of other computer systems located around the world. A client computer system may identify each of these other computer systems using a unique numeric identifier for that computer called an Internet Protocol (“IP”) address. When a communication is sent from a client computer system to a destination computer system, the client computer system may specify the IP address of the destination computer system in order to facilitate the routing of the communication to the destination computer system. For example, when a request for a website is sent from a browser to a web server over the Internet, the browser may ultimately address the request to the IP address of the server. IP addresses may be a series of numbers separated by periods and may be hard for users to remember.

The Domain Name System (DNS) has been developed to make it easier for users to remember the addresses of computers on the Internet. DNS resolves a unique alphanumeric domain name that is associated with a destination computer into the IP address for that computer. Thus, a user who wants to visit the Verisign website need only remember the domain name “versign.com” rather than having to remember the Verisign web server IP address, such as 65.205.249.60.

A new domain name may be registered by a user through a domain name registrar. The user may submit to the registrar a request that specifies the desired domain name. The registrar may consult a central registry that maintains an authoritative database of registered domain names to determine if a domain name requested by a user is available for registration, or if it has been registered by another. If the domain name has not been registered, the registrar may indicate to the user that the requested domain is available for registration. The user may submit registration information and a registration request to the registrar, which may cause the domain to be registered for the user at the registry. If the domain is already registered, the registrar may inform the user that the domain is not available.

Many domain names have already been registered and are no longer available. Thus, a user may have to think of other domain names that may be suitable for the user's purpose.

SUMMARY

As discussed herein, systems, methods, apparatus, and computer-readable media including instructions to perform operations are provided. The operations include accessing a string of characters; parsing the string of characters into string of graphemes; accessing a first data structure that maps graphemes to one or more universal phonetic representations based on an international phonetic alphabet, wherein the first data structure comprises a plurality of first nodes with each first node of the plurality of first nodes having a respective weight assigned that corresponds to a pronunciation of a grapheme; determining one or more phonetic representations for one or more graphemes in the string of graphemes based on the first data structure; accessing a second data structure that maps the one or more universal phonetic representations to one or more graphemes, wherein the second data structure comprises a plurality of second nodes with each second node of the plurality of second nodes having a respective weight assigned that corresponds to a likely representation of a grapheme; determining at least one grapheme representation for one or more of the one or more phonetic representations based on the second data structure; and constructing the phonetic representation of the string of characters based on the grapheme representation that was determined.

According to some embodiments, the operations include ranking each grapheme representation to produce a rank list, wherein the ranking is based on a likelihood that a grapheme representation sounds similar to a pronunciation sound of the string of characters; and filtering the ranked list to produce a subset of graphene.

According to some embodiments, the operations include creating the first data structure and the second data structure as information gain trees.

According to some embodiments, the operations include determining a first composite weight for the one or more phonetic representations based on the first data structure.

According to some embodiments, the operations include determining a second composite weight for the one or more grapheme representations based on the second data structure.

According to some examples, the filtering is based on the second composite weight.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the disclosure, as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings are not necessarily to scale. Instead, emphasis is generally placed upon illustrating the principles of the disclosures described herein. The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several embodiments consistent with the disclosures and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosures. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 shows an example algorithm for the bootstrap procedure, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 2 shows an example alignment process for the word vincenti and its phonetization from the dictionary, according to embodiments.

FIG. 3 shows an example of a training algorithm that can be used once the alignments have been generated to generate the IG-Trees, according to embodiments.

FIG. 4 shows an example method for converting a string of characters in a first language into a phonetic representation of a second language, according to embodiments.

FIG. 5 shows an example of context utilization during phonetization, according to embodiments.

FIG. 6 shows an example of the use of an IG-Tree, according to embodiments.

FIG. 7 shows an example computer system according to embodiments.

FIG. 8 shows an example computer system according to embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used in the drawings and the following description to refer to the same or similar parts. Also, similarly-named elements perform similar functions and are similarly designed, unless specified otherwise. Numerous details are set forth to provide an understanding of the embodiments described herein. The embodiments may be practiced without these details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, and components have not been described in detail to avoid obscuring the embodiments described. While several exemplary embodiments and features are described herein, modifications, adaptations, and other implementations are possible, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the following detailed description does not limit the disclosure. Instead, the proper scope of the disclosure is defined by the appended claims.

As noted above many domain names have already been registered and are no longer available. Thus, a user may have to submit several domain name registration requests before finding a domain name that is available. There may be suitable alternative domain names that are unregistered and available, although a user may be unaware that they exist. An effective system is needed for proposing suitable, alternative domains that may be available for registration, based on a requested domain name or upon a term or phrase submitted by a user.

In accordance with aspects consistent with the present disclosure, a method, apparatus, system, and computer-readable medium are provided that converts a string of characters into one or more strings that are phonetic-based transliterations e. The present techniques are able to take as input text in the form of a string of characters and produce one or more strings of characters based on phonetization of one or more graphemes in the string.

The present method, system, and computer-readable medium can use a processing chain that comprises two steps. The first of which is a grapheme-to-phoneme (g2p) conversion where the input is phonetize to produce N sequences of phonemes. The second step is a phoneme-to-grapheme (p2g) conversion where the sequences of phonemes are graphetized. For each input sequence, this second step produces M sequences of graphemes. The end-to-end system produces N*M results that can be scored, sorted, filtered and cleaned before presented to the final user.

The g2p conversion may utilize a first data structure to convert graphemes to phonemes, for example, international phonemes, and the p2g conversion may utilize a second data structure to convert those phonemes into graphemes. The first and second data structures function by knowing which grapheme corresponds to which phoneme. For example, the first and second data structures can be represented as information gain (IG) Trees. Therefore, the phonetic transcription and the source grapheme are aligned together. Phonetic dictionaries typically do not provide this kind of information. Thus, alignment is trained from the phonetic dictionary. A bootstrap phase is used to align grapheme and phonemes together and it typically requires a phonetic dictionary as well as a first set of manually aligned phonetizations. Each group of graphemes is mapped to a group of phonemes. Since there may not always a 1-to-1 mapping between the two sets, phonemes or graphemes are grouped together before the alignment. These groups are called pseudos and there are pseudo-phonemes and pseudo-graphemes. For example, an alignment of the word “mckinney” can be

m_c k i n_n e_y

m_a_k k i n i

In this example, the sequence of grapheme “ey” corresponds to the phoneme “i,” this is why they are grouped together into a pseudo-grapheme “e_y”. The manually aligned phonetizations can be read from a file. A discrete estimator can accumulate the probabilities of a given grapheme mapped to a specific phoneme. FIG. 1 shows an example algorithm for the bootstrap procedure. If some words are not aligned, it usually means that the manual alignment has to be completed to cover some mapping exceptions. The alignment only needs to be made once for a language. P2g or g2p mappers use the same alignment data. FIG. 2 shows an example alignment process for the word “vincenti” and its phonetization from the dictionary, according to embodiments.

FIG. 3 shows an example of a training algorithm that may be used once the alignments have been generated to generate the IG-Trees, according to embodiments. The process is described for the g2p mapper, but the process for p2g is exactly the same, replacing grapheme with phoneme and vice-versa. Each alignment needs to be read to populate the tree. The root level of the tree is not counted as an effective level.

FIG. 4 shows an example method for converting a string of characters into one or more phonetic representations of the string of characters, according to embodiments. For example, the method of FIG. 4 can be executed by a computer described below in FIG. 7. The computer can be a mobile device, such as a smart phone with a touch screen or microphone that can be used to receive input from the user. According to some embodiments, the computer may be implemented as a server computer wherein a client device may input a string of characters to the server computer, and the server computer may generate one or more phonetic representations of the string of characters.

As shown in FIG. 4, at 404, a string of characters may be received. In the mobile device example, the string of characters can be input via a user interface as text or spoken to be received by the microphone of the mobile device.

At 406, the method continues by parsing the string of characters into string of graphemes. For most languages, the parsing of the string of characters is straightforward. However, there are some subtleties in some languages that use non-Latin characters that can make them more difficult to work with. For example, for Arabic, a diaphone/sub-syllable method can be used where the particular syllabic structure of Arabic words can be exploited. A general problem with Arabic is that it is written without vowels that are nonetheless pronounced. Therefore, it is often necessary to add those missing vowels to the text before being able to do any phonetic analysis on it. This can be done using a variety of approaches, including using a rule-based approach to handle vowelization of text where generic vowels are inserted into large dataset and trained with generic vowels. Other approaches include using a full morphological tagging procedure to perform automatic Arabic diacritization where a simple lexeme language model is used. Chinese comes with another set of difficulties. A general problem is the use of polyphonic characters, which makes phonetization more difficult. One approach for grapheme-to-phone conversion can include the following steps: the text is segmented in words and then two methods are used, hand-crafted rules and statistical decision lists. A stochastic decision based on an Extended Stochastic Complexity (ESC) can be used to perform G2P on Chinese.

At 408, the method continues by accessing a first data structure that maps graphemes to one or more universal phonetic representations based on an international phonetic alphabet. The first data structure can comprise a plurality of first nodes with each first node of the plurality of first nodes having a respective weight assigned that corresponds to a likely pronunciation of a grapheme.

The grapheme-to-phoneme (g2p) mapper transforms a particular input letter into its corresponding sound based on the correct context, a process called phonemization, which can be performed using a variety of techniques. For example, one technique is the use of phonological rules, where these rules are based on the knowledge of the system developer. Generally, these rules include the left and right context of the grapheme to assign it a phoneme. For instance, A/X/B→y means that X is phonetized as the sound y when it is between A and B. Another technique is to use a dictionary-based technique where words are provided with their corresponding phoneme sequence; however, this technique could have difficulty with Out-Of-Vocabulary (OOV) items that may be found in company names, proper names, and invented names. Another technique is to rely on data-driven techniques that can learn directly the rules from a phonetic dictionary. In this case, small amount of manual work is performed when a dictionary is available. There are many techniques that can be used for this conversion, including using statistical models to learn data-driven representations of the data, using machine learning algorithms, such as decision trees, pronunciation by analogy, neural networks, Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), information gain (IG) tree. In the IG tree approach, each level of the tree refines the context of the conversion where the deeper the tree, the more exact the conversion will be. The context includes letters to the left and right in the input word. The IG tree approach is language-independent. The g2p mapping of one letter is an efficient lookup in the tree. IG-tree requires some work to align source grapheme to destination phoneme, but this step can itself be automated using, for example, HMMs.

FIG. 5 shows an example of context utilization during phonetization, according to embodiments. When using no context or 1-left context, the “i” grapheme is mapped to the “I” phoneme. When 1-left and 1-right context is considered, the graphemes “air” should be taken together and can be represented by the phonetic symbol “*.” As shown, the grapheme string “airmix” can be represented by the phonetic string “*rmIks” using the g2P grapheme to phoneme mapper. The depth of the tree is chosen by the training procedure. The deeper the tree will be, the more precise the results will be. On the other hand, deeper trees mean a larger size in memory and longer search time. After the creation of the tree is complete, its structure can be saved to the disk using Java serialization.

When doing phonetization of graphemes, the context can be considered. FIG. 5 shows a phonetization example where the result changes based on how much context is included. An IG-Tree can give context-dependent answers. An IG-Tree is a tree data structure used to encode the context of a phonetization. Each node, except the root, has a key, indicating the search term. For the g2p mapper, the keys are graphemes and the values are phonemes. Each node has also a list of possible values and their likelihoods. Such a structure allows more or less context to be considered for the phonetization. Phonetization of grapheme is typically dependent on its context. The IG-Tree considers the left and right graphemes of the current element as the context to use to distinguish between the possible phonetizations. The depth of the tree indicates the size of the context that is taken into account. A search into the tree can be made in this manner. For a letter at the position i of the input word w, get the son of the root with the key w[i]. Then, as long as a node exists, you go down the tree. For odd levels, you get the letter to the left as the key and for even levels, you get the letter at the right as the key. Once there are no sons with the correct key, the final node is used as the result of the phonetic mapping. The search for one mapping is done in O(D) where D is the maximum depth of the tree. This depth is configured when training the tree and can be kept small for most languages, making a very fast search into the tree.

Continuing with FIG. 4, at 410, the method continues by determining one or more phonetic representations for one or more graphemes in the string of graphemes based on the first data structure. As discussed above, the first data structure can be represented using a IG-Tree. FIG. 6 shows an example of the use of an IG-Tree, according to embodiments. There are two different ways to use the IG-Tree. For each way, the input sequence of grapheme is aligned into its best possible phonetic alignment. The input word is, in its simplest form, a sequence of single grapheme. However, some graphemes needs to be grouped together to form pseudo-graphemes. If only the best answer is necessary, the algorithm is simply a sequence of tree traversal. For each grapheme (or pseudo-grapheme), only one single traversal of the tree is necessary with the longest possible context (path in the tree). The resulting phoneme is the most probable phoneme in the found node. The resulting phoneme sequence is formed by the concatenation of the phonemes found previously. If the best answers are necessary, a N-Best algorithm can be used to find them. For that, an HMI can be built for the best possible phonemes at the final node in the tree path. The transition probabilities are set using grapheme bigram, gathered during the training. A discrete estimator can also be populated using the likelihoods of the phonemes at the final node in the tree path. Once these two components are created, a N-Best algorithm can be used to find the best paths.

As discussed above, in some instances, some graphemes are grouped together in order to be mapped correctly to the phonemes. For instance, double consonants are almost always phonetized together. Therefore, one goal is to find the correct sequence of pseudo grapheme for the input sequence. In this implementation, a three-step process can be used: The first step is to generate all the possible permutations of the input sequence. This takes into accounts the list of the possible pseudo phonemes, learned during training. The second step is to remove some bad possible observations, also called pruning. Rules can be used to detect bad sequence, especially by detecting pseudo graphemes which should not be put together. This process can use the bigram probabilities to avoid bad starting pseudo grapheme and bad ending pseudo grapheme. The third step is to find the most probable sequence between the remaining permutations. Each sequence is assigned a score that is the multiplication of each bigram probability inside the word. The permutation with the best score can then be kept.

The N-Best algorithm can be based on an HMM and a discrete estimator. All the possible paths inside the HMMs are created, letter by letter (from the input word). Each path is assigned a score based on the discrete estimator. After each letter, they are pruned to improve computation time. The pruning process is controlled with a pruning coefficient and a maximum number of nodes created. During the whole process, in each path, the worst and best scores are kept up to date to improve pruning performances.

In some instances, missing phonemes should be considered. Even when using the same phonetic alphabet, there may be some differences between languages. From language to language, some symbols are bound to have different sounds. In other languages, some phonemes are simply missing. For example, the missing phonemes can be accounted for using the following technique. For each missing phoneme from language source to language target, the possible corresponding graphemes are searched in the language source. If there is a corresponding grapheme that is very probable (P(g)>70) or if the most probable grapheme is much more probable than the second (P(first)>20+P(second)), the corresponding phonemes of this grapheme are obtained in language target. Again, if there is a corresponding phoneme that is very probable (P(p)>70) or if the most probable phoneme is much more probable than the second (P(first)>20+P(second)), the source missing phoneme are mapped to the target found phoneme.

In some instances, acronyms should also be considered. Acronyms are not typically pronounced the same as normal words. They are typically pronounced by spelling letters independently. To handle this case, the g2p mapper can contain a small dictionary with the phonetization of each letter. A special parameter can be set indicating that the input is an acronym and must be phonetized as such. Additionally or alternatively, an IG-Tree can be trained on the phonetizations of acronyms.

Referring back to FIG. 4, at 412, the method continues by accessing a second data structure that maps the one or more universal phonetic representations to one or more graphemes. The second data structure can comprise a plurality of second nodes with each second node of the plurality of second nodes having a respective weight assigned that corresponds to a likely representation of a grapheme in the second language. At 414, the method continues by determining at least one grapheme representation in the second language for one or more of the one or more phonetic representation based on the second data structure.

A phoneme-to-grapheme (p2g) mapper does the reverse work of a grapheme-to-phoneme mapper. It converts a phoneme into its written letter form. Some of the techniques presented above can be reversed to build p2g mappers. For instance, IG-Trees are reversible. However, it is not the case with every technique, as phoneme to grapheme mapping induces some specific problems in some languages. For instance, one of the problems in phoneme-to-grapheme conversion comes from diphthongs and double letters. It means that there are generally more ways to write a word than to pronounce it. A second-order Hidden Markov Model with a Viterbi search can be used or a mix of several techniques can be used to improve the results. In some embodiments, more than one potentially good answer can be returned. For that, the N-best algorithm can be used based on HMMs, as discussed above.

At 416, the method continues by constructing the phonetic representation of the string of characters based on the grapheme representation that was determined.

The foregoing description is illustrative, and variations in configuration and implementation can occur to persons skilled in the art. For instance, the various illustrative logics, logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor can be a microprocessor, but, in the alternative, the processor can be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor can also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, the functions described can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. For a software implementation, the techniques described herein can be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, subprograms, programs, routines, subroutines, modules, software packages, classes, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. A module can be coupled to another module or a hardware circuit by passing and/or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, or the like can be passed, forwarded, or transmitted using any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, and the like. The software codes can be stored in memory units and executed by processors. The memory unit can be implemented within the processor or external to the processor, in which case it can be communicatively coupled to the processor via various means as is known in the art.

For example, FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a hardware configuration for a computer device 700 that can be used as mobile device, which can be used to perform one or more of the processes described above. While FIG. 7 illustrates various components contained in the computer device 700, FIG. 7 illustrates one example of a computer device and additional components can be added and existing components can be removed.

The computer device 700 can be any type of computer devices, such as desktops, laptops, servers, etc., or mobile devices, such as smart telephones, tablet computers, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants, etc. As illustrated in FIG. 7, the computer device 700 can include one or more processors 702 of varying core configurations and clock frequencies. The computer device 700 can also include one or more memory devices 704 that serve as a main memory during the operation of the computer device 700. For example, during operation, a copy of the software that supports the DNS operations can be stored in the one or more memory devices 704. The computer device 700 can also include one or more peripheral interfaces 706, such as keyboards, mice, touchpads, computer screens, touchscreens, etc., for enabling human interaction with and manipulation of the computer device 700.

The computer device 700 can also include one or more network interfaces 708 for communicating via one or more networks, such as Ethernet adapters, wireless transceivers, or serial network components, for communicating over wired or wireless media using protocols. The computer device 700 can also include one or more storage devices 710 of varying physical dimensions and storage capacities, such as flash drives, hard drives, random access memory, etc., for storing data, such as images, files, and program instructions for execution by the one or more processors 702.

Additionally, the computer device 700 can include one or more software programs 712 that enable the functionality described above. The one or more software programs 712 can include instructions that cause the one or more processors 702 to perform the processes described herein. Copies of the one or more software programs 712 can be stored in the one or more non-transitory computer-readable mediums such as memory devices 704 and/or on in the one or more storage devices 710. Likewise, the data, for example, DNS records, utilized by one or more software programs 712 can be stored in the one or more memory devices 704 and/or on in the one or more storage devices 710.

In implementations, the computer device 700 can communicate with other devices via one or more networks. The other devices can be any types of devices as described above. The network can be any type of network, such as a local area network, a wide-area network, a virtual private network, the Internet, an intranet, an extranet, a public switched telephone network, an infrared network, a wireless network, and any combination thereof. The network 716 can support communications using any of a variety of commercially-available protocols, such as TCP/IP, UDP, OSI, FTP, UPnP, NFS, CIFS, AppleTalk, and the like. The network 716 can be, for example, a local area network, a wide-area network, a virtual private network, the Internet, an intranet, an extranet, a public switched telephone network, an infrared network, a wireless network, and any combination thereof.

The computer device 700 can include a variety of data stores and other memory and storage media as discussed above. These can reside in a variety of locations, such as on a storage medium local to (and/or resident in) one or more of the computers or remote from any or all of the computers across the network. In some implementations, information can reside in a storage-area network (“SAN”) familiar to those skilled in the art. Similarly, any necessary files for performing the functions attributed to the computers, servers, or other network devices may be stored locally and/or remotely, as appropriate.

In implementations, the components of the computer device 700 as described above need not be enclosed within a single enclosure or even located in close proximity to one another. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the above-described componentry are examples only, as the computer device 700 can include any type of hardware componentry, including any necessary accompanying firmware or software, for performing the disclosed implementations. The computer device 700 can also be implemented in part or in whole by electronic circuit components or processors, such as application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) or field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs).

If implemented in software, the functions can be stored on or transmitted over a computer-readable medium as one or more instructions or code. Computer-readable media includes both tangible, non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media can be any available tangible, non-transitory media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such tangible, non-transitory computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, flash memory, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes CD, laser disc, optical disc, DVD, floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

FIG. 8. illustrates some components of a computing device 800 for constructing a phonetic representation of a string of characters. Computing device 800 may be implemented as, for example, computing device 700 in FIG. 7. As shown in FIG. 8, computing device 800 includes phonetic representation constructor 802 to represent phonetic representations of one or more strings of characters.

Phonetic representation constructor 802 includes parser 803. Parser 803 is configured to access one or more strings of characters. One or more strings of characters may be received via a user interface and may represent a domain name that a user is interested in registering as a domain name. The parser 803 is further configured to parse the accessed string of characters into a string of graphemes.

Phonetic representation constructor 802 further includes phonetizer 804. Phonetizer 804 is configured to access a data structure, for example, phonetization tree 820 in storage 810, that maps graphemes to one or more phonetic representations based on a phonetic alphabet, for example, mapping graphemes to one or more universal phonetic representations based on an international phonetic alphabet, as more fully discussed above. The data structure includes a plurality of first nodes with each first node of the plurality of first nodes having a respective weight assigned that corresponds to a likely pronunciation of a grapheme, as more fully discussed above. Phonetizer 804 is further configured to determine one or more phonetic representations for one or more graphemes in the string of graphemes based on the first data structure, as more fully discussed above.

Phonetic representation constructor 802 further includes graphetizer 806. Graphezier 806 is configured to access a data structure, for example, graphitization tree 821 in storage 810, that maps the one or more universal phonetic representations to one or more graphemes, as more fully discussed above. The data structure includes a plurality of second nodes with each second node of the plurality of second nodes having a respective weight assigned that corresponds to a likely representation of a grapheme, as more fully discussed above. Graphetizer 806 is further configured to determine at least one grapheme representation for one or more of the one or more phonetic representation based on the second data structure, as more fully discussed above.

Phonetic representation constructor 802 optionally includes scorer/filter 808. Scorer/filter 808 is configured to rank each grapheme representation to produce a rank list, wherein the ranking is based on a likelihood that a grapheme representation sounds similar to a pronunciation sound of the string of characters, and filter the ranked list to produce a subset of graphene representations, as more fully discussed above.

Phonetic representation constructor 802 includes constructor 809. Constructor 809 is configured to construct the phonetic representation of the string of characters based on the grapheme representation that was determined, as more fully discussed above.

Computing device 800 may further include processor 812 to execute machine-readable code in the form of program instructions to perform the functionality discussed with regard to the phonetic representation constructor 802, the parser 803, the phonetizer 804, the graphetizer 806, the scorer/filter 808 and the constructor 809, in additional to the methods and functionality as discussed herein. Computing device 800 may further include a transmitter/receiver 816 to transmit and receive data from other devices within a networked, computing system environment. Computing device 800 may further include network interface 818 to facilitate communication with other devices within a networked, computing system environment.

Computing device 800 may further include memory 814. The memory 814 may be any device capable of storing electronic information, such as RAM, flash memory, a hard disk, an internal or external database, etc. The memory can be implemented as a non-transitory storage medium to store instructions adapted to be executed by the processor(s) to perform at least part of the method in accordance with certain embodiments. For example, the memory can store computer program instructions, for example, computer-readable or machine-readable instructions, adapted to be executed on the processor(s), to detect malicious code in addition to other functionality discussed herein

While the teachings have been described with reference to examples of the implementations thereof, those skilled in the art will be able to make various modifications to the described implementations without departing from the true spirit and scope. The terms and descriptions used herein are set forth by way of illustration only and are not meant as limitations. In particular, although the processes have been described by examples, the stages of the processes can be performed in a different order than illustrated or simultaneously. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including”, “includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof are used in the detailed description, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.” As used herein, the terms “one or more of and” at least one of with respect to a listing of items such as, for example, A and B, means A alone, B alone, or A and B. Further, unless specified otherwise, the term “set” should be interpreted as “one or more.” Also, the term “couple” or “couples” is intended to mean either an indirect or direct connection. Thus, if a first device couples to a second device, that connection can be through a direct connection, or through an indirect connection via other devices, components, and connections.

Those skilled in the art will be able to make various modifications to the described embodiments without departing from the true spirit and scope. The terms and descriptions used herein are set forth by way of illustration only and are not meant as limitations. In particular, although the method has been described by examples, the steps of the method can be performed in a different order than illustrated or simultaneously. Those skilled in the art will recognize that these and other variations are possible within the spirit and scope as defined in the following claims and their equivalents.

The foregoing description of the disclosure, along with its associated embodiments, has been presented for purposes of illustration only. It is not exhaustive and does not limit the disclosure to the precise form disclosed. Those skilled in the art will appreciate from the foregoing description that modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practicing the disclosure. For example, the steps described need not be performed in the same sequence discussed or with the same degree of separation. Likewise various steps may be omitted, repeated, or combined, as necessary, to achieve the same or similar objectives. Similarly, the systems described need not necessarily include all parts described in the embodiments, and may also include other parts not describe in the embodiments.

Accordingly, the disclosure is not limited to the above-described embodiments, but instead is defined by the appended claims in light of their full scope of equivalents. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: accessing a string of characters; parsing the string of characters into a first string of graphemes; adding one or more characters to the first string of graphemes to represent missing characters in the string of characters to create a second string of graphemes; grouping the second string of graphemes into a plurality of pseudo-graphemes based on a probability determined by a trained discrete estimator, wherein two or more graphemes in the string of graphemes that are phonetized together are grouped to a single pseudo-grapheme; accessing a first data structure that maps each pseudo-grapheme in the string of pseudo-graphemes to one or more universal phonetic representations based on an international phonetic alphabet, wherein the first data structure comprises a plurality of first nodes with each first node of the plurality of first nodes having a respective weight assigned that corresponds to a pronunciation of a grapheme; determining one or more phonetic representations for each pseudo-grapheme in the string of pseudo-graphemes based on the first data structure; accessing a second data structure that maps the one or more universal phonetic representations to one or more graphemes, wherein the second data structure comprises a plurality of second nodes with each second node of the plurality of second nodes having a respective weight assigned that corresponds to a likely representation of a grapheme; determining at least one grapheme representation for one or more of the one or more phonetic representations based on the second data structure; and constructing a phonetic representation of the string of characters based on the at least one grapheme representation that was determined.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: ranking each grapheme representation to produce a ranked list, wherein the ranking is based on a likelihood that a grapheme representation sounds similar to a pronunciation sound of the string of characters; and filtering the ranked list to produce a subset of grapheme representations.
 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising determining a first composite weight for the one or more phonetic representations based on the first data structure.
 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising determining a second composite weight for the one or more graphemes based on the second data structure.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the filtering is based on the second composite weight.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising creating the first data structure and the second data structure as information gain trees.
 7. A device, comprising: a memory storing instructions; and at least one processor, operably connected to the memory, implemented at least in part in hardware, and configured to execute the instructions to perform operations comprising: receiving the string of characters; parsing the string of characters into a first string of graphemes; adding one or more characters to the first string of graphemes to represent missing characters in the string of characters to create a second string of graphemes; grouping the second string of graphemes into a plurality of pseudo-graphemes based on a probability determined by a trained discrete estimator, wherein two or more graphemes in the string of graphemes that are phonetized together are grouped to a single pseudo-grapheme; accessing a first data structure that maps each pseudo-grapheme in the string of pseudo-graphemes to one or more universal phonetic representations based on an international phonetic alphabet, wherein the first data structure comprises a plurality of first nodes with each first node of the plurality of first nodes having a respective weight assigned that corresponds to a likely pronunciation of a grapheme; determining one or more phonetic representations for each pseudo-grapheme in the string of pseudo-graphemes based on the first data structure; accessing a second data structure that maps the one or more universal phonetic representations to one or more graphemes, wherein the second data structure comprises a plurality of second nodes with each second node of the plurality of second nodes having a respective weight assigned that corresponds to a likely representation of a grapheme; determining at least one grapheme representation for one or more of the one or more phonetic representation based on the second data structure; and constructing a phonetic representation of the string of characters based on the at least one grapheme representation that was determined.
 8. The device of claim 7, the operations further comprising: ranking each grapheme representation to produce a ranked list, wherein the ranking is based on a likelihood that a grapheme representation sounds similar to a pronunciation sound of the string of characters; and filtering the ranked list to produce a subset of grapheme representations.
 9. The device of claim 7, the operations further comprising creating the first data structure and the second data structure as information gain trees.
 10. The device of claim 7, the operations further comprising determining a first composite weight for the one or more phonetic representations based on the first data structure.
 11. The device of claim 7, further comprising determining a second composite weight for the one or more graphemes based on the second data structure.
 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the filtering is based on the second composite weight.
 13. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising computer-interpretable instructions which, when executed by at least one electronic processor, cause the at least one electronic processor to perform a method of converting a string of characters into a phonetic representation, the method comprising: receiving the string of characters; parsing the string of characters into a first string of graphemes; adding one or more characters to the first string of graphemes to represent missing characters in the string of characters to create a second string of graphemes; grouping the second string of graphemes into a plurality of pseudo-graphemes based on a probability determined by a trained discrete estimator, wherein two or more graphemes in the string of graphemes that are phonetized together are grouped to a single pseudo-grapheme; accessing a first data structure that maps graphemes to one or more universal phonetic representations based on an international phonetic alphabet, wherein the first data structure comprises a plurality of first nodes with each first node of the plurality of first nodes having a respective weight assigned that corresponds to a likely pronunciation of a grapheme; determining one or more phonetic representations for each pseudo-grapheme in the string of pseudo-graphemes based on the first data structure; accessing a second data structure that maps the one or more universal phonetic representations to one or more graphemes, wherein the second data structure comprises a plurality of second nodes with each second node of the plurality of second nodes having a respective weight assigned that corresponds to a likely representation of a grapheme; determining at least one grapheme representation for one or more of the one or more phonetic representation based on the second data structure; and constructing the phonetic representation of the string of characters based on the at least one grapheme representation that was determined.
 14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, the method further comprising: ranking each grapheme representation to produce a ranked list, wherein the ranking is based on a likelihood that a grapheme representation sounds similar to a pronunciation sound of the string of characters; and filtering the ranked list to produce a subset of grapheme representations.
 15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, the method further comprising creating the first data structure and the second data structure as information gain trees.
 16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, the method further comprising determining a first composite weight for the one or more phonetic representations based on the first data structure.
 17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, the method further comprising determining a second composite weight for the one or more graphemes based on the second data structure.
 18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the filtering is based on the second composite weight. 